一、时态变化(从句的时态向前倒一个时态)
一般现在时——一般过去时
一般过去时——现在完成时
现在进行时——过去进行时
一般将来时——过去将来时
现在完成时——过去完成时
过去完成时——过去完成时
Eg: She said. "I have lost a pen."
→She said she had lost a pen现在完成时——过去完成时
She said. "He will go to see his friend".
→She said he would go to see his friend一般将来时——过去将来时
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
1.直接引语是客观真理。(地球围着太阳公转，月亮影响潮汐)
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me.
→ The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
2.直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John
where he was going when he met him in the street。
3.直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 21,1980。
4.直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
5.如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式(例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，(例：could, should, would, might)不再变。如：
Peter said. "You had better come here today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。
二、状语变化
直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规律，时间状语由"现在"改为"原来"(例：now变为then,yesterday变为 the day before，地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由"此"改为"彼"(例：this 改为that),
如：He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his
this——that
these——those
now——then
today——that day
yesterday——the day before
yesterday morning——the morning before
the day before yesterday——two days before
tomorrow——the next/follow day
tomorrow evening——the next/follow evening
this week——that week
last week——the week before
here——there
come——go
bring——take
三、变句型
1.直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, "Our bus will
arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
2.直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.
"You have finished the homework, haven't you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" he asked.→He asked me if I went to school by busor by bike.
3.直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句(宾语从句必须用陈述句语序)。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
Eg: I don't know whom you should depend on.
4.直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。
如："Don't make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not tomake any noise. "
Bring me a cup of tea, please," she said.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
5.直接引语如果是以"Let's"开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用"suggest "
如：He said, "Let's go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.
或: He suggested that they should go to see the film.
主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。主句是一般过去时，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实真理时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。
时态几种情况
1.主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
2.主句是一般过去时，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
例句：I knewshe was on a farm, but I didn't know which farm she was on.
3.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实真理时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。
例句：I learnt that it is much cold on Mars than that on Earth.
